ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the disease burden of Hangzhou City in 2013 due to smoking.Methods Using attributable risk of smoking from literatures,the demographic data,mortality surveillance,medical insurance information system of smoking related diseases expense,the direct economic burden and indirect economic burden due to smoking in Hangzhou were measured.Main indicators including disability adjusted life year (DALY),direct medical economic burden,production years of losses,early death of indirect economic loss and smoking cause cost and cost of passive smoking were calculated.Results In 2013,The DALY of Hangzhou 6 city area attributed to smoking was 8.11 years over one thousand people.That was less than other domestic cities.There were 1.118 174 1 billion Yuan due to the direct medical economic burden .And the production loss of smoking was 834.41 years.The early death of indirect economic loss of smoking was 57.659 4 million Yuan,and the cost of pathogenic of smoking was 56.936 2 million Yuan,and the cost of pathogenic of passive smoking was 50.915 1 million Yuan.Conclusion The total economic burden of Hangzhou due to smoking was still at a higher level,which could lead to more serious consequences for the health of people and social economic development.Measures should be conducted to strengthen the control of tobacco.
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Objective To understand the epidemic status of metabolic syndrome among Hangzhou enterprise workers and to describe the distribution of metabolic -related subtypes.Methods 2 066 employees were recruited from 1 2 enterprises and institutions in three districts of Hangzhou city.A standardized self-administered questionnaire was conducted and metabolic-related anthropometric measurements were taken.Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF)(2005 standards).Results Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Hangzhou enterprise workers was 1 0.72%,the standardized rate was 1 3.48%;levels of waist circumference,blood pressure,blood FPGcose, triglycerides,high-density lipoprotein and prevalence of metabolic syndrome of high age group were significantly higher than the low age group(P<0.05 ).Levels of blood pressure,blood FPGcose,triglycerides,high-density lipoprotein of males were significantly higher than females (P <0.05 ).Levels of blood FPGcose of low -educated group were significantly higher than that in high-educated group (P<0.05 ),while triglycerides level was lower than high-educated group (P<0.05 ).In subtypes of metabolic syndrome,the prevalence of TG plus HDL,BP plus HDL,BP TG plus HDL and BP FPG TG plus HDL were higher than 1 0.00%.Conclusion Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Hangzhou enterprise workers is high;male and older-group has a higher risk;TG plus HDL may be the main metabolic syndrome subtype.
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Objective To explore the activation and function of Janus protein-tyrosine kinase (JAK)/ signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT1) signal transduction pathway in kidney,lung and brain of MRL/lpr mice.Methods MRL/lpr mice with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were studied at the age of 12 weeks up.Non-SLE MRL/lpr mice were used as controls.We used phosphospecific antibodies to detect STAT1 activation in kidney,lung and brain by immunohistochemistry and Western blots.Gene expression of the STAT induced feedback inhibitors of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS-1) was investigated by SYBR green I real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results Phosphorylation of STAT1 protein was markedly activated in these three organs,although renal and pulmonary STAT1 activation were much more evidently activated.SOCS-1 gene expression increased in all three organs,while renal SOCS-1 gene expres- sion increased less than lung and brain.Conclusion The activation of JAK/STATI signal transduction path- way may be pathogenic in the organ involvement and progression of SLE.The pathogenesis of lupus nephritis may also be associated with the down-regulation of SOCS-1 feedback inhibition.